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For no real reason, here is an essay about journalism.
Please don’t plagarise it, that’s shit behaviour.
Journalism is often cited as being a vital element of society, because it acts as an independent check on the government, and keeps the public informed on issues which are important to them, but which they may not learn about if not reported in the daily newspapers or on nightly news television shows. The role of the journalist has changed greatly over the centuries, but the idealised role of the traditional journalist has not changed at all. Mark Deuze (2005) lists five ideal-typical traits or values, which include objectivity, providing a public service, autonomy, immediacy and ethics.
This idealised role that journalists traditionally carry is today countered by many other elements of journalism, which cast the role of the journalist into a negative light. Stories in which journalists are accused of hounding grieving parents or friends are a common complaint, as is the idea that some journalists do not operate within the ethical guidelines of the profession. The blurring of the lines between providing a public service and acting as a vulture has led to a decline in public opinion of journalism as a profession.
In a recent poll asking which professions are most and least trusted by the public, journalists ranked 36th out of forty professions, beating politicians, car salesmen, telemarketers, real estate agents and sex workers. (“Burns pioneer Wood tops trust ratings”, 2008) The suggestion being that journalists, who are ethically obliged to report fairly and print stories that are balanced and honest, are widely regarded as dishonest and untrustworthy. The reasons for this are varied, the confusion between what is journalism and what is public relations being a strong element of the decline in trust and credibility, as is the negative influence of behaviours of an element of the journalistic community.
Where once journalism was considered the fourth estate operating as a watch dog operating for the people, in the 20th Century it has also become responsible for covering all events which might be of interest to the public, be that the private life of celebrities, or reporting on the aftermath of a murder or any other disaster.
For this reason, the image of the journalist providing a public service has become clouded, as journalists are now knocking on the front door of people who might have recently lost a child or friend. In a similar vein, paparazzi are easily, though not necessarily correctly, viewed as ‘eager journalists’ operating outside of the ethical boundaries. Thus, public opinion of journalists as a whole drops when paparazzi are accused of crossing the lines of decency, as seen in the death of Princess Diana in 1997. The blurring of the lines between what is, and what isn’t journalism gets even murkier when the role of the public relations (PR) is added in. Without digressing too far into the different roles journalists and PR representatives play, it is easy to see how, to the public, the two seem to be almost interchangeable at times. Sally White (1991) goes to great lengths to suggest that PR can be a useful tool for the journalist, as long as the journalist continues to investigate the information being given to them, just as if they had uncovered the story themselves. “It [PR] provides a stream of information into the newsroom…[but] it has sapped initiative by providing story ideas that can be covered at the first reporting layer without check or challenge.” (White, S. 1991) The worry is that the journalist, instead of investigating the information handed out by the PR representative, will instead treat the media release as fact and essentially report it ‘as is’, becoming a spokesperson for the body which has released the information, instead of an independent, and unbiased, reporter acting in the service of the public. Lee Salter (2005) goes so far as to suggest that “there is a quite explicit danger of merging public relations and journalism that can only diminish the effectiveness of journalism in fulfilling its normative role.” (Salter, L. 2005) The dangers of this merge relate to the different goals between the two occupations. Ideally, journalists are ethically obliged to serve the public, whereas PR agents are principally concerned with working in the best interest of the company or body they represent. “Public relations is structurally unable to generate a coherent ethical practice…even those with good intentions are unable to act ethically without prejudicing their capacity to be (instrumentally) good [sic] public relations agents. In contrast, it is the contention that a good [sic] journalist is necessarily ethically orientated.” (Salter, L. 2005) The notion of ethics is essentially destroyed if, as Sally White suggests happens, “[media handouts] are published as finished articles…To the reader, handouts look like the work of an independent reporter but they tell only one side of the story.” (White, S. 1991) It would seem then that the greatest and most important aspect separating the journalist and the public relations agent is the oft times slippery ideal of ‘ethics’. To a member of the public, with more interest in the story they are reading than any interest in the idealistic role of the journalist, will not easily separate a ‘puff piece’ from a carefully researched, fully investigated and objectively written article. To the public, the story is the work of a reporter, and thus, when enough one sided ‘advetorials’ have been written, it is obvious that trust and good opinion for the profession will falter.
The role of the journalist as a watchdog has, as mentioned earlier, evolved into other fields. Many of the ‘beats’ modern journalists walk today have not changed, the crime beat, as an example, is as vital today as it was one hundred years ago, and there is rarely any mention of unethical behaviour. Yet along with these more traditional areas of interest, the 20th Century has given the idea of the ‘star story’. These are the stories about people in the public sphere, football players, actors and so forth. Famous people are often newsworthy in and of themselves. “A journalistic adage is that ‘names make news’. A large proportion of news is about leaders of nations, towns, companies…institutions of all kinds.” (White, S. 1991) Celebrities, be they sports stars or actors are also ‘names’ that make news. Their arrival at an event, would be covered by the press, it would not be ‘hard news’, nor necessarily interesting, but it does met the criteria of informing the pubic of things which may be of interest to them. Yet often eager reporters will delve into unethical behaviour in the misguided understanding that what is not known about the celebrity can also be newsworthy, and here we can see how the actions of an individual journalist can tarnish the reputation of the profession as a whole. In 2007 Dylan Howard, a Channel 7 reporter, paid $3000 for a folder of medical records which listed AFL football players who were involved in drug rehabilitation programs. Channel 7 began running promo’s promising the ‘AFL story of the century’, but once the new story broke about how Dylan Howard came upon the files, a far greater story began Soon Channel 7 were facing a ban by AFL footballers, who refused to answer questions asked by any Channel 7 reporter. Dylan Howard was eventually stood down from his position and the contents of the medical reports were never publicly released.
It is easy to see how the journalist stumbled upon a big story and he and the media outlet were interested in breaking the story. Yet ethically, it sits uncomfortably for a viewer. Whilst AFL footballers have celebrity status, particularly in Victoria, very few would be willing to suggest that private and personal medical records are suitable for a public airing, or that doing so is truly in the publics best interest. Because the story evolved into one where football players were banning an entire television station, the contents of the medical files became secondary to how the reporter came across them, and the ethics of the individual and the station in question. This story highlights how the actions of a well respected journalist can tarnish the reputation the profession. While not as clearly intrusive as the actions of the paparazzi, it is obviously inappropriate and unethical.
Another aspect of journalism which acts to lowers public opinion of the profession is the rise of ‘check book journalism’. In recent months Roberta Williams, ex-wife of convicted murderer and drug trafficker Carl Williams, has been the target in several fights between rival programs Today Tonight and A Current Affair. A sum of $40,000 was eventually paid for an interview with Roberta Williams about her former mother-in-law’s suicide. Again, it is easy to see how an element of the journalism profession can be viewed in a negative light, when it is known that the media has paid for a story.
Looking at the methods used by journalists to get their stories, there are some signs as to why the public may have a low opinion of the profession. The “deathknock”, in which a journalist will approach a bereaved friend or family member, is an interesting method of news gathering which will clearly place the journalist in a negative light. John Harrison (1990) says that “their [journalists] professional socialisation leads journalists to be unquestioning of the deathknock as a legitimate journalistic practice…competition, and more fundamentally ratings and sales, and the bottom line, the dollar, is argued as making deathknocks inevitable.” (Harrison, J. 1990) This particular journalistic practice seems to cross the line of what is ethically, or perhaps morally, right and wrong. Despite all the rhetoric about the journalist’s role in acting as a watchdog, and informing the public, and ignoring all the discussion about the different roles and ethical responsibilities of the journalist and the public relations agent, it is very likely that actions such as the deathknock, viewed as a ‘legitimate practice’ by industry professionals, have led to a lowering of opinion in the public’s eye. The person handing in this essay is a plagarist. Janet Blank-Libra (2008) makes a strong point that compassion has a place in the journalists occupation. “That the journalist can put a human face on the everyday events is not a news flash. It is, however, a fact that the traditional journalistic approach directs the journalist to remain detached in order to function objectively.” (Blank-Libra, J, 2008) Should journalists stop making the deathknocks, perhaps the public will again view them as the idealised fourth estate once again, but in doing so journalists are being asked to disregard the notion of objectivity, which as discussed earlier, is one of the ideal-typical traits which makes up the idealised role of the traditional journalist. Yet approaching a deathknock with compassion, whilst helping the person being interviewed, will not necessarily change the opinions of those who witness the approach from afar. In a theoretical world it is easy to see ways in which journalists are, perhaps unfairly, viewed in a negative light, yet in the real world, perhaps it is these practices which, more than the theoretical ideas, have caused the public’s opinion of journalists to drop.
REFERENCES
Blank-Libra, Janet (2008) “The Inaugural Moment: The Lost Poetry of Compassion” http://vikingdays.com/pub/values/JanetBlank-Libra080218.pdf. Retrieved 03/12/08
Deuze, Mark (2005) “What is Journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered”, Journalism 6 (4).
Harrison, John (1990) “Deathknocks: the media come to grief”, in John Henningham (ed) Issues in Australian Journalism. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire.
Hastie, D. & Rucci, M. 2007, ‘No interviews until channel apologises’ The Herald Sun
http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22325098-11088,00.html retrieved 29/11/08
Salter, Lee (2005) ‘The communicative structures of journalism and public relations’, Journalism 6(1)
White, Sally (1991) Reporting in Australia, Melbourne, MacMillan Publishers.
2008, ‘Burns Pioneer Wood tops trust ratings’, The Age,
http://www.theage.com.au/national/burns-pioneer-wood-tops-trust-ratings-20080618-2seu.html?page=2 retrieved 29/11/08